Psychiatric intervention (includes psychotherapy,

hospitalization, etc.)

Medication for psychiatric disorder

Self-monitoring (e.g., completing sleep-wake log or diary)

Sleep hygiene techniques (e.g., establishing regular

sleep-wake hours, limiting naps, limiting caffeine)

Relaxation training (included progressive muscular

relaxation, biofeedback, guided imagery, etc.)

Stimulus control techniques (e.g., going to bed only when

sleepy, using the bed only for sleep, getting out of bed

in the event of prolonged awakenings)

Sleep restriction therapy (limiting time in bed to match

actual sleep duration)

Medication for sleep disorder (included benzodiazepine

hypnotics)

Chronotherapy (scheduling sleep to match endogenous

circadian phase)

Continuous positive airway pressure

Supplemental oxygen

Position training (to prevent position-related apnea)

Medical intervention (includes diagnostic tests,

procedures, surgery)

Neurological intervention (includes diagnostic tests,

procedures)

Medication for medical/substance discontinuation (includes

prescribed and nonprescribed drugs, recreational substances)