FIG. 2

In kindling, a single stimulation (arrow) affects receptors and second-messenger systems (calcium and cyclic-AMP) and activates a variety of transcription factors including c-fos and fos-related antigens (FRAS), as well as heat-shock proteins (HSP70) and growth factors (NGF). However, multiple stimulations (triple arrows) also result in the induction of longer-lasting changes in peptides or other late effector genes and regulatory factors that are either increased (top right) or decreased (bottom right) by the appropriate mix of transcription factors.

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published 2000