Dopaminergic Neuronal Systems in the Hypothalamus

Kenneth E. Moore* and Keith J. Lookingland
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
Michigan State University
East Lansing, Michigan 48824
Tel: (517) 353-7147
Fax: (517) 353-8915



REFERENCES

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4       Arbogast LA, Voogt JL.  Progesterone reverses the estradiol-induced decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA levels in the arcuate nucleus.  Neuroendocrinol 1993; 58:501-510.

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6       Bitran D, Hull EM, Holmes GM, Lookingland KJ.  Regulation of male copulatory behavior by preoptic incertohypothalamic dopamine neurons.  Brain Res Bull 1988; 20:323-331.

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10     Cheung S, Will Y, Hentschel K, Moore KE, Lookingland KJ.  Role of gonadal steroids in determiningsexual differences in expression of fos-related antigens in tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in subdivisions of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus.  Endocrinology 1997; 138:3804-3810.

11     Cheung S, Ballew JR, Moore KE, Lookingland KJ.  Contribution of dopamine neurons in the medial zona incerta to the innervation of the central nucleus of the amygdala, horizontal diagonal band of Broca and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus.  Brain Res, 1998; in press.

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14     Durham RA, Johnson JD, Moore KE, Lookingland KJ.  Evidence that D2 receptor‑mediated activation of hypothalamic tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons in the male rat occurs via inhibition of tonically active afferent dynorphinergic neurons.  Brain Res 1996; 732:113-120.

15     Durham RA, Johnson JD, Eaton MJ, Moore KE and Lookingland KJ.  Opposing roles for dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in the regulation of hypothalamic tuberoinfundibular dopamine neurons.  Eur J Pharmacol 1998; 355:141-147.

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17     Eaton MJ, Tian Y, Lookingland KJ, Moore KE.  Remoxipride and raclopride differentially alter the activity of incertohypothalamic dopaminergic neurons.  Neuropharmacology 1992; 31:1121-1126.

18     Eaton MJ, Gopalan C, Kim E, Lookingland KJ, Moore KE.  Comparison of the effects of D2 agonist quinelorane on tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neuronal activity in male and female rats.  Brain Res 1993; 629:53-58.

19     Eaton MJ, Wagner CK, Moore KE, Lookingland KJ.  Neurochemical identification of A13 dopaminergic neuronal projections from the medial zona incerta to the horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca and the central nucleus of the amygdala.  Brain Res 1994; 659:201-207.

20     Eaton MJ, Cheung S, Moore KE, Lookingland KJ.  Dopamine receptor-mediated regulation of corticotropin releasing hormone neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus.  Brain Res 1996; 738:60-66.

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22   Fleckenstein AE, Lookingland KJ, Moore KE.  Differential effects of histamine on the activity of hypothalamic dopaminergic neurons in the rat.  J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994; 268:270-276.

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27     Gopalan C, Tian Y, Moore KE, Lookingland KJ.  Neurochemical evidence that the inhibitory effect of galanin on tuberoinfundibular dopamine neurons is activity dependent.  Neuroendocrinology 1993; 58:287-293.

28     Goudreau JL, Lindley SE, Lookingland KJ, Moore KE.  Evidence that hypothalamic periventricular dopamine neurons innervate the intermediate lobe of the rat pituitary.  Neuroendocrinology 1992; 56:100-105.

29     Goudreau JL, Manzanares J, Lookingland KJ, Moore KE.  5HT2 receptors mediate the effects of stress on the activity of periventricular-hypophysial dopaminergic neurons and the secretion of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone.  J Pharmacol Exp Ther  1993, 265:303-307.

30     Goudreau JW, Lookingland KJ, Moore KE.  5-Hydroxytryptamine2 receptor-mediated regulation of periventricular-hypophysial dopaminergic neuronal activity and the secretion of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone.  J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994; 268:270-276.

31     Goudreau JL, Wagner EJ, Lookingland KJ, Moore KE.  Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-mediated regulation of periventricular-hypophysial dopaminergic neurons:  Possible role in mediating stress‑ and 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced decreases in neural activity.  J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994; 271:1000-1006.

32     Gudelsky GA, Berry SA, Meltzer HY.  Neurotensin activates tuberoinfundi­bular dopamine neurons and increases serum corticosterone concentrations in the rat.  Neuroendocrinology 1989; 49:604-609.

33     Gudelsky GA, Meltzer HY.  Activation of tuberoinfundibular dopamine neurons following the acute administration of atypical antipsychotics.  Neuropsychopharmacology 1989; 2:45-51.

34     Gunnet JW, Lookingland KJ, Moore KE.  Effects of gonadal steroids on tuberoinfundibular and tuberohypophysial dopaminergic neuronal activity in male and female rats.  Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1986; 183:48-53.

35     Gunnet JW, Lookingland KJ, Moore KE.  Comparison of the effects of castration and steroid replacement on incertohypothalamic dopaminergic neurons in male and female rats.  Neuroendocrinology 1986; 44:269-275.

36     Gunnet JW, Lookingland KJ, Lindley SE, Moore KE.  Effects of electrical stimulation of the arcuate nucleus on neurochemical estimates of tuberoinfundibular and tuberohypophysial dopaminergic neuronal activities.  Brain Res 1987; 424:371-378.

37     Hentschel K, Eaton EJ, Ingram TM, Moore KE, Lookingland KJ. Effects of prolactin on expression of Fos protein in tyrosine hydroxylase-containing neurons located in subdivisions of the rat hypothalamic arcuate nucleus.  Proc Soc Neurosci 1996; Abstr. No. 704.1.

38   Hentschel, K, Cheung S, Moore KE, Lookingland KJ.  Pharmacological evidence that neurotensin mediates prolactin-induced activation of tuberoinfundibular dopamine neurons.  Neuroendocrinology 1998; 68: 71-76.

39     Hoffman GE,  Le W-W, Abbud R, Lee W-S, Smith MS.  Use of Fos-related antigens (FRAs) as markers of neuronal activity: FRA changes in dopamine neurons during proestrus, pregnancy and lactation. Brain Res 1994; 654:207-215.

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43     Ibata Y, Kawakami F, Fukui K, et al.  Morphological survey of neurotensin-like immunoreactive neurons in the hypothalamus.  Peptides 1984; 5:109-120.

44     Icard-Liepkalns C, Biguet NF, Vyas S, Robert JJ, Sassone PC, Mallet J.  AP-1 complex and c-fos transcription are involved in TPA provoked and trans-synaptic inductions of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene: insights into long-term regulatory mechanisms.  J Neurosci Res 1992; 32: 290-298.

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46     Johnston CA, Demarest KT, Moore KE.  Cycloheximide disrupts the prolactin-mediated stimulation of dopamine synthesis in tuberoinfundibular neurons.  Brain Res 1980; 195:236-240.

47     Kalra PS, Simpkins JW, Kalra SP.  Hyperprolactinemia counteracts the testosterone-induced inhibition of the preoptic area dopamine turnover.  Neuroendocrinology 1981; 33:118-122.

48     Kumer SC, Vrana KE.  Intricate regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase activity and gene expression.  J Neurochem 1996; 67:443-462.

49     Lerant A, Herman ME, Freeman ME.  Dopaminergic neurons of periventricular and arcuate nuclei of pseudopregnant rats: semicircadian rhythm in Fos-related antigens immunoreactivities and in dopamine concentration.  Endocrinology 1996; 137:3621-3628.

50     Li YW, Halliday GM, Joh TH, Geffen LB, Blessing WW.  Tyrosine hydroxylase-containing neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the adult human.  Brain Res 1988; 461: 75-86.

51     Lin JY, Li CS, Pan JT.  Effects of various neuroactive substances on single-unit activities of hypothalamic arcuate neurons in brain slices.  Brain Res Bull 1993; 31:587-594.

52     Lindley SE, Gunnet JW, Lookingland KJ, Moore KE.  Effects of alterations in the activity of tuberohypophysial dopaminergic neurons on the secretion of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone.  Proc Soc Exp Biol Med  1988; 188:282-286.

53     Lindley SE, Gunnet JW, Lookingland KJ, Moore KE.  3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl­acetic acid concentrations in the intermediate lobe and neural lobe of the posterior pituitary gland as an index of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neuronal activity.  Brain Res 1990; 506:133-138.

54     Lindley SE, Lookingland KJ, Moore KE.  Activation of tuberoinfundibular but not tuberohypophysial dopaminergic neurons following intracerebroven­tricular administration of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone.  Neuroendocrinology 1990; 51:394-399.

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56   Lookingland KJ, Gunnet JW, Moore KE.  Electrical stimulation of the arcuate nucleus increases the metabolism of dopamine in terminals of tuberoinfundibular neurons in the median eminence.  Brain Res 1987; 436:161-164.

57   Lookingland KJ, Gunnet JW, Toney TW, Moore KE.  Comparison of the effects of ether and restraint stress on the activity of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons in female and male rats.  Neuroendocrinology 1990; 52:99-105.

58   Lookingland KJ, Gunnet JW, Moore KE.  Stress-induced secretions of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone is accompanied by a decrease in the activity of tuberohypophysial dopaminergic neurons.  Neuroendocrinology 1991; 53:91-96.

59     Loose MD, Ronnekleiv OK, Kelly MJ.  Membrane properties and responses to opioids of identified dopamine neurons in the guine-pig hypothalamus.  J Neurosci 1990; 10:3627-3634.

60     Ma TP, Johnson JC, Hoskins GA. Organization of the zona incerta in the macaque: an electron microscopic study.  Anat Rec 1997; 249:259-275.

61   MacKenzie FJ, Hunter AJ, Daly C, Wilson CA.  Evidence that the dopaminergic incerto-hypothalamic tract has a stimulatory effect on ovulation and gonadotropin release.  Neuroendocrinology 1984; 39:289-295.

62   Manzanares J, Lookingland KJ, Moore KE.  Kappa opioid receptor-mediated regulation of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone secretion and tuberohypophysial dopaminergic neuronal activity.  Neuroendocrinology 1990; 52:200-205.

63   Manzanares J, Lookingland KJ, LaVinge SD, Moore KE.  Activation of tuberohypophysial dopamine neurons following intracerebroventricular administration of the selective kappa opioid receptor antagonist nor-binaltorphimine.  Life Sci 1991; 48:1143-1149.

64   Manzanares J, Lookingland KJ, Moore KE.  Kappa opioid receptor-mediated regulation of dopaminergic neurons in the rat brain.  J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1991; 256:500-505.

65   Manzanares J, Toney TW, Lookingland KJ, Moore KE.  Activation of tuberoinfundibular and tuberohypophysial dopamine neurons following intracerebroventricular administration of bombesin.  Brain Res 1991; 565:142-147.

66   Manzanares J, Wagner EJ, LaVigne SD, Lookingland KJ, Moore KE.  Sexual differences in kappa opioid receptor-mediated regulation of tuberoinfundi­bular dopaminergic neurons.  Neuroendocrinology 1992; 55:301-307

67   Manzanares J, Wagner EJ, Lookingland KJ, Moore KE.  Effects of immunoneu­tralization of dynorphin1-17 and dynorphin1-8 on the activity of central dopaminergic neurons in the male rat.  Brain Res 1992; 587:301-305.

68   Manzanares J, Durham RA, Lookingland KJ, Moore KE.  δ-Opioid receptor-mediated regulation of central dopaminergic neurons in the rat.  Europ J Pharmacol 1993; 249:107-112.

69   Manzanares J, Edwards JV, Lookingland KJ, Moore KE.  MDL-101,562 blocks the stimulatory effects of bombesin and gastrin-releasing peptide on hypothalamic dopaminergic neurons.  Eur J Pharmacol 1994; 257:199-202.

70     Meister B, Hökfelt T, Steinbusch HWM, et al.  Do tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the ventrolateral arcuate nucleus produce dopamine or only L-DOPA?  J Chem Neuroanat 1988; 1:59-64.

71     Meister B, Hökfelt T.  Peptide- and transmitter-containing neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus and their relation to GABAergic systems: possible roles in control of prolactin and growth hormone secretion.  Synapse 1988; 2:585-605.

72     Meister B, Elde R.  Dopamine transporter mRNA in neurons of the rat hypothalamus.  Neuroendocrinology 1993; 58:388-395.

73   Merchenthaler I.  Induction of enkephalin in tuberoinfundibular dopaminer­gic neurons during lactation.  Endocrinology 1993; 133:2645-2651.

74     Moore KE, Riegle GD, Demarest KT.  Effects of long-term treatment with estradiol and haloperidol on serum concentrations of prolactin and tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neuronal activity, In: MacLeod RM, Thorner MO, Scapagnini U, eds), Prolactin, Basic and Clinical Correlates, Fidia Research Series, Liviana Press, Padova, 1985; 1:543-549.

75     Moore KE.  Hypothalamic dopaminergic neurons systems.  In: Meltzer H, ed.  Psychopharmacology:  The Third Generation of Progress.  New York: Raven Press, 1987; 127-139.

76     Morrell JI, Rosenthal MF, McCabe JT, Harrington CA, Chikaraishi DM, Pfaff DW.  Tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA in the neurons of the tuberoinfundibular region and zona incerta examined after gonadal steroid hormone treatment.  Mol Endocrinol 1989; 3:1426-1433.

77     Pan J-T, Tian Y, Lookingland KJ, Moore KE.  Neurotensin-induced activation of hypothalamic dopaminergic neurons is accompanied by a decrease in pituitary secretion of prolactin and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone.  Life Sci 1992; 50:2011-2017.

78     Pan J-T., Lookingland KJ, Moore KE.  Differential effects of corticotropin-releasing hormone on central dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurons.  J Biomed Sci 1995; 2:50-56.

79   Panoyotacopoulou MT, Raadsheer RC, Swaab DF.  Colocalization of tyrosine hydroxylase with oxytocin or vasopressin in neurons of the human paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus.  Devel Brain Res 1994; 83: 59-66.

80     Pehek EA, Warner RK, Bazzett TJ, Bitran D, Band LC, Eaton RC, Hull EM.  Microinjection of cis-flupenthixol, a dopamine antagonist, into the medial preoptic area impairs sexual behavior of male rats.  Brain Res 1988; 443:70-76.

81     Purba JS, Hofman MA, Swaab DF.  Decreased number of oxytocin-immunoreactive neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in Parkinson’s disease.  Neurology 1994; 44: 84-89.

82     Revay R, Vaughan R, Grant S, Kuhar M.  Dopamine transporter immunohistochemistry in median eminence, amygdala, and other areas of the rat brain.  Synapse 1996; 22:93-99.

83     Reymond MJ, Arita J, Dudley CA, Moss RL, Porter JC.  Dopaminergic neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus of old rats:  Evidence for a decreased affinity of tyrosine hydroxylase for substrate and cofactor.  Brain Res 1984; 304:215-223.

84   Romanowski CAJ, Mitchell IJ, Crossman AR. The organisation of the efferent projections of the zona incerta.  J Anat 1985; 143:75-95.

85     Sagrillo CA, Selmanoff M.  Effects of prolactin on expression of the mRNAs encoding the immediate early genes zif / 268 (NGF1-A), nur / 77 (NGF1-B), c-fos and c-jun in the hypothalamus.  Mol Brain Res, in press.

86     Saland LC, Wallace JA, Samora A, Gutierrez L.  Co-localization of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)- and serotonin (5-HT)-immunoreactive innervation in the rat pituitary gland.  Neurosci Letts 1988; 94:39-45.

87     Sanghera MK.  Electrophysiological and pharmacological properties of putative A13 incertohypothalamic dopamine neurons in the rat.  Brain Res 1989; 483:361-366.

88     Sanghera MK, Anselmo-France J, McCann SM.  Effect of medial zona incerta lesions on the ovulatory surge of gonadotropins and prolactin in the rat.  Neuroendocrinology 1991; 54:433-438.

89     Sanghera MK, Zamora JL, German DC.  Calbindin D28k-containing neurons in the human hypothalamus: Relationship to dopaminergic neurons.  Neurodegeneration 1995; 4: 375-381.

90     Selmanoff MK, Shu C, Hartman RD, Barraclough CA, Petersen SL.  Tyrosine hydroxylase and POMC mRNA in the arcuate region are increased by castration and hyperprolactinemia.  Mol Brain Res 1991; 10:277-281.

91     Seroogy K, Tsuruo Y, Hökfelt T, et al.  Further analysis of presence of peptides in dopamine neurons: cholecystokinin, peptide histidine-isoleucine/vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and substance P in rat suprmammillary region and mesencephalon.  Exp Brain Res 1988; 72: 523-534.

92     Sheung M, Greenberg ME.  The regulation and function of c-fos and other immediate early genes in the nervous system.  Neuron 1990; 4: 477-485.

93     Simerly RB, Swanson LW, Gorski RA.  The distribution of monoaminergic cells and fibers in a periventricular preoptic nucleus involved in the control of gonadotropin release: immunohistochemical evidence for a dopaminergic sexual dimorphism.  Brain Res 1985; 330:55-64.

94     Simpkins JW, Kalra PS, Kalra SP.  Inhibitory effects of androgens on preoptic area dopaminergic neurons in castrate rats.  Neuroendocrinology 1980; 31:177-181.

95     Spencer S, Saper CB, Joh T, Reis DJ, Goldstein M, Raese JD.  Distribution of catecholamine containing neurons in the normal human hypothalamus.  Brain Res 1985; 328: 73-80.

96     Thind KK, Goldsmith PC.  Corticotropin-releasing factor neurons innervate dopamine neurons in the periventricular hypothalamus of juvenile macaques: synaptic evidence for a possible companion neurotransmitter.  Neuroendocrinology 1989; 50:351-358.

97     Tian Y, Lookingland KJ, Moore KE.  Contribution of noradrenergic neurons to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid concentrations in regions of the rat brain containing incertohypothalamic dopaminergic neurons.  Brain Res 1991; 555:135-140.

98     Tian Y, Eaton MJ, Manzanares J, Lookingland KJ, Moore KE.  Characteriza­tion of opioid receptor-mediated regulation of incertohypothalamic dopamine neurons:  lack of evidence for a role of 5-hydroxytryptaminergic neurons in mediating the stimulatory effects of morphine.  Brain Res 1992; 591:116-121.

99     Toney TW, Lookingland KJ, Moore KE.  Role of testosterone in the regulation of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons in the male rat.  Neuroendocrinology 1991; 54:23-29.

100   Toney TW, Manzanares J, Moore KE, Lookingland KJ.  Sexual differences in the stimulatory effects of bombesin on tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons.  Brain Res 1992; 598:279-285.

101   Toney TW, Pawsat DE, Fleckenstein AE, Lookingland KJ, Moore KE.  Evidence that prolactin mediates the stimulatory effects of estrogen on tubero­infundibular dopamine neurons in female rats.  Neuroendocrinology 1992; 55:282-289.

102   Van den Pol AN, Herbst RS, Powell JF.  Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons of the hypothalamus:  a light and electron microscopic study.  Neuroscience 1984; 13:1117-1156.

103   Vuillez P, Carbajo Perez S, Stoeckel ME.  Colocalization of GABA and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivities in the axons innervating the neurointermediate lobe of the rat pituitary: an unltrastructural immunogold study.  Neurosci Letts 1987; 79:53-58.

104   Wagner CK, Eaton MJ,  Moore KE, Lookingland KJ.  Efferent projections of the medial zona incerta containing A13 dopaminergic neurons: a PHA-L anterograde tract tracing study in the rat.  Brain Res 1995; 677:229-237.

105   Wagner EJ, Moore KE, Lookingland KJ.  Sexual differences in N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated regulation of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons in the rat.  Brain Res 1993; 611:139-146.

106   Wagner EJ, Goudreau JL, Moore KE, Lookingland KJ.  GABAergic regulation of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons in the male rat.  Brain Res 1994; 659:194-200.

107   Wagner EJ, Moore KE, Lookingland KJ.  Non-NMDA receptor-mediated regulation of hypothalamic dopaminergic neurons in the rat.  Eur J Pharmacol 1994; 254: 105-112.

108   Wagner EJ, Moore KE, Lookingland KJ.  Neurochemical evidence that AMPA receptor-mediated tonic inhibition of hypothalamic dopaminergic neurons occurs via activation of inhibitory interneurons.  Brain Res 1994; 660:319-322.

109   Wagner EJ, Zhang W, LaGrang A, Ronnekleiv O, Kelly M.  Tolerance to mu-opioid receptor agonists but not cross -tolerance to γ-aminobutyric acid B receptor agonists in arcuate A12 dopamine neurons with chronic morphine treatment.  J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997; 280:1057-1064.

110   Wang HJ, Hoffman GE, Smith MS.  Suppressed tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and increased NPY gene expression in the arcuate nucleus of lactating rats.  Endocrinology 1993; 133:1657-1663.

111   Warner RK, Thompson JT, Markowski VP, et al.  Microinjection of the dopamine antagonist cis-flupenthixol into the MPOA impairs copulation, penile reflexes and sexual motivation in male rats.  Brain Res 1991; 540:177-182.

112   Wilson CA, Thody AJ, Hole DR, Grierson JP, Celis ME.  Interaction of estradiol, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and dopamine in the regulation of sexual receptivity in the female rat.  Neuroendocrinology 1991; 54:14-22.

113   Young WS, Warden M, Mezey E.  Tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA is increased by hyperosmotic stimuli in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei.  Neuroendocrinology 1987; 46: 439-444.

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published 2000